Misalignment of circadian rhythms results in metabolic changes similar to those induced by APDs, including changes in satiety, increased blood glucose and lipid levels, and the development of obesity and T2D.56 Taken together, temporal and reciprocal coordination between metabolic and dopamine systems may be critical to maintaining optimal control of insulin and blood glucose. This evidence concerns the gene INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.