Haptoglobin was identified as a biomarker for uranium nephrotoxicity (Malard et al., 2009), membranous nephropathy (Ngai et al., 2007), acute kidney injury (Zager, Vijayan & Johnson, 2012), diabetic nephropathy (Rao et al., 2007), bladder carcinoma (Li et al., 2011), hepatic fibrosis (Van Swelm et al., 2013) and acute phase response (Piras et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene HP and diabetic kidney disease.