Similarly, up-regulated expression of inflammatory cytokines (CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL9, CXCL13, CCL9, CCL5, IL-6, IL1, IL1A, IL1B, TNF, and TNF-α) and ISGs (GBP2, GBP4, GTP1, ISG15, DdX58, IFIH1) were shown in virulent H3N2/HK31 virus infections [59–61]. Here, TNF is linked to viral infectious disease.