With respect to Lyme neuroborreliosis, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 expression was shown to be upregulated in primary rhesus microglia upon B. burgdorferi exposure [9] with TLR2 and TLR5 subsequently shown to play a significant role in the induction of immune responses to the Lyme disease bacterium in these glial cells [10]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and Lyme disease.