TNF and Leber congenital amaurosis: 2014) and its activation mediates bile acid‐induced IL‐1ß and TNF‐α expression via JNK‐dependent pathway. In contrast, we have shown that LCA does not induce the release of TNFα (Table 3), does not increase cAMP in T84 cells, and its action in attenuating cAMP‐mediated Cl− secretion is not via TGR5 (Ao et al. 2016).