Several studies reported that either loss of NRF2–KEAP1 interaction or point mutations in the KEAP1 or NRF2 gene are often observed in human cancers, such as renal cell carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, HCC, non-small cell lung cancer, and others (86, 87). Here, KEAP1 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.