The factors released by the MSCs, which are cells with well-established tumor-promoting roles (109–113), can contribute to cancer progression by promoting two complementing processes: (1) they may enrich the TME with pro-inflammatory mediators that have been identified as major contributors to tumor progression, such as CCL2, CXCL8 and Cox-2 (37–39, 62, 63, 114); (2) In parallel, the factors released by the TNFα + TGFβ1-stimulated MSCs, pro-inflammatory and others, may act directly on the cancer cells to promote their migratory and invasive properties, as we have shown in the current study. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and cancer.