TLR4 and renal fibrosis: Yang G.S. et al. (2015) verified that HSYA inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells via a Toll-like receptor-4 pathway. HSYA also suppressed α-SMA and collagen-I expression in a unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis rat model (Hu et al., 2016), while Jin et al. (2016) demonstrated that HSYA alleviated the BLM-induced increases in TGF-β1, connective tissue growth factor, α-SMA, and collagen I mRNA levels in lung tissue in mice.