TNF and infection: As shown in Figure 3, infection with the P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 for 4 h up-modulated the expression of the major neutrophil chemokines IL-8, GRO-α, and GRO-β, of the mononuclear cells chemokine IP-10, of the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) involved in leukocyte chemotaxis, of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, of the antimicrobial peptides β-defensin-2 (HBD-2) and -4 (HBD-4) and of lactoperoxidase (LPO).