MTOR and meningioma: We examined the copy number profile of specific genes within cardinal signaling pathways implicated in meningioma formation, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) / mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)/AKT and Hedgehog pathways, as well as cysteine-rich PAK1 inhibitor (CRIPAK) / p21 protein-activated kinase (PAK)/NF2 pathway (Fig 1B).