In cell stress conditions such as an infection, ATP can be released in a controlled manner through pannexin hemichannels (mainly Panx1) [45, 46], connexin channels (mainly Cx43) [47, 48], certain chloride channels (maxi-anion channels, volume-regulated anion channels (VRAC), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), chloride channel (ClC) family and calcium-activated chloride channel (CACC)) [49] and P2X7 ATP receptors (P2X7Rs) [50, 51] to >1000-fold of the resting state levels to micromolar concentrations. The gene discussed is CFTR; the disease is infection.