In addition, autophagy regulates the ROS-mediated induction of the cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1A/p21 [28], which controls cellular proliferation, contributes to therapy resistance in cancer [29, 30] and controls phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase MAPK1/ERK [31], which is a core regulator of p21 [32, 33]. Here, CDKN1A is linked to cancer.