CD4 and ancylostomiasis: CD4+ T-helper cells are critical in mediation of the immune system’s response to various pathogens, and commonly used to monitor HIV disease progression and response to ART.[47] The inverse relationship between hookworm infection and CD4+ T cell concentrations was qualitatively and statistically consistent across various analyses, from unadjusted to adjusted regression, analyses restricted to persons receiving ART, and over time.