CD4 and infection: The relationship between increased infection incidence among economically disadvantaged persons is well established.[38, 67–69] Additionally, being economically disadvantaged could have impacted health outcomes in this study, e.g. CD4+ T helper cells concentrations, as it has in other research.[70–72] While we collected information on place of residence, this information could ultimately only be dichotomized into participants who lived in Mbale town, where the clinic is located, versus all others, which could represent varied levels of development and corresponding hookworm exposure.