ANXA5 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: NVB has been reported to cause apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c and activating caspase-related proteins in NSCLC cells.26 To demonstrate whether apoptosis was involved in the synergistic effect, we performed Annexin V/PI staining after DT-13 and NVB co-treatment, and results showed that the combination treatment significantly induced apoptosis in NCI-H460 and A549 cells for 48 h, compared with DT-13 or NVB treatment alone (Figures 2a and b).