In this respect, both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles of ADAR in cancer development are reported, which are associated with tissue types and disease states.13, 14, 15 Moreover, in contrast to the generally pro-growth functions, loss of ADAR1 or ADAR2 leads to pro-proliferative consequences in metastatic melanomas and astrocytoma,16, 17 indicative of a tumor-suppressive role. The gene discussed is ADAR; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).