TNF and colitis: However, after DSS-induced colitis, the levels of MIP-2 (0.219±0.020 versus 0.133±0.011 ng ml−1, 95% confidence interval, 3 replicates) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (0.163±0.011 versus 0.118±0.009 ng ml−1) were dramatically increased in the colon of ACF7 cKO mice compared with WT organ (Fig. 6g).