TAT and HIV-1 infection: In HIV-1 infection, the persistent activation of the immune system seems to be essentially initiated by HIV-1 infection following the recruitment and activation of various Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) by the proteic (gp120 via TLR2 and TLR414, 15, gp41 via TLR2/1, p24 via TLR2/616, Tat via TLR417, VpR via TLR46) and nucleic acid (the uridine rich ssRNA via TLR7/8, and the double stranded DNA via c-GAS18) viral components19.