DNM1L and hereditary optic atrophy: For example, defects in DNM1L have been associated with the autosomal dominant disorder encephalopathy due to defective mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission (EMPF), a lethal disorder characterized by cerebral dysgenesis, optic atrophy and hypoplasia, and seizures [167]; infantile encephalopathy [168]; and refractory epilepsy [169].