MMP2 and prostate carcinoma: Alpha-mangostin repressed metastasis of PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP-2/MMP-9) and urokinase-plasminogen expression via suppression of the JNK1/2 signaling pathway and inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 binding activity [34], Also, in another study, α-mangostin suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced invasion by reducing MMP-2/MMP-9 expression and increasing E-cadherin expression through inhibition of the ERK signaling pathway in MIAPaCa-2 and BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells [13].