S1PR1 and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: For example, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) agonist therapy can ameliorate the cytokine storm.58 Mint3/Apba3 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of severe influenza pneumonia, because Mint3/Apba3 decreased cytokine/chemokine production in response to influenza virus infection by inactiving HIF-1.59 In our study, HIF-1α may be a potential target for the development of drugs to treat severe pneumonia caused by the influenza virus.