HIF1A and viral infectious disease: HIF-1α is involved in the transcriptional regulation of cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, during inflammation.20, 21, 22 In addition, data suggest that HIF-1α expression can be induced by virus infection.23, 24, 25, 26 However, the role of HIF-1α in H1N1 infection is still unknown.