MTOR and age-related macular degeneration: For example, Zhang’s work suggested that arenobufagin (a bufadienolide from venom secreted by the Argentine toad Bufo arenarum) inhibited HepG2 cells, and multidrug resistant HepG2/AMD cells involved the cross-talk between apoptosis and autophagy through inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [31].