CD4 and Pleural effusion: In addition, ex vivo incubation of autologous tumor-associated lymphocytes with EpCAM-expressing malignant cells in pleural effusion with solitomab resulted in a high increase of T-cell activation markers (i.e., CD25 and human leukocyte antigens D Related (HLA-DR), CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation, as well as a reduction of viable CS cells in the exudate (p < 0.001).