Spain et al. recently proposed an electrochemical immunosensor based on PtNPs conjugated to a recombinant scFv antibody for the detection of PSA during PCa diagnosis, and showed that picomolar PSA concentrations could be detected without the need for further PCR or nucleic-acid-sequence-based amplification (NASBA) techniques [188]. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and posterior cortical atrophy.