TLR4 and infection: Considering that innate immunity functions not only for the early prevention, control, or elimination of host infection, but also to warn against infection or DNA damage, to which an adaptive immune response has to be mounted, other NFκB-related pro-inflammatory damage receptors (e.g., TLR4 binding to endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide) may likely act as epigenetic modifiers to promote more epigenetically plastic cellular states (Erdoğan et al., 2016).