Given the important role of the Th1 and Th17 cell compartments in the protection against bacterial and fungal pathogens (Aujla et al., 2007), the lack of recovery of IL-17, IL-22, and IFN-γ expressing CD4+ cells upon VSL#3 reassociation raises the question, whether mice harboring probiotic bacteria were only more susceptible to pathogenic infections. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is infection.