In addition to preclinical data demonstrating that a multiplicity of genes that regulate synaptic structure and plasticity are altered by PA [31], the aforementioned studies make it seem plausible that epigenetic changes are responsible for a significant portion of MD-related pathobiological changes and suggest that PA is a strong candidate for reversing symptoms, particularly by promoting stable changes in BDNF gene expression. Here, BDNF is linked to Menkes disease.