First discovered in CAG expansion constructs, RAN translation initiates in an AUG-independent manner and is known to occur in several repeat expansion disorders, among them Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 8 (SCA8), DM1 Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), and ALS, as well as FXTAS (Zu et al., 2011, 2013; Ash et al., 2013; Mori et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene RAN and frontotemporal dementia.