As an example, sulforaphane (SFN), an aliphatic isothiocyanate with anti-inflammatory properties known to activate Nrf2,23, 24 has shown efficacy in men with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia25 and is being tested as a therapy for recurrent prostate cancer in phase II clinical trials.26, 27, 28 Conversely, genetic analyses of human tumors have indicated that mutations and epigenetic modifications affecting the regulation of Nrf2 may cause resistance to chemotherapy through constitutive dominant hyperactivation of Nrf2 signaling.29, 30, 31. This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and prostate carcinoma.