MAP1LC3A and cancer: Previous studies demonstrated that SFN can trigger autophagy in cancer cells36 and that autophagy increases VSVΔ51 replication.12, 37 The ability of SFN to induce autophagy was examined by evaluating the levels of two autophagy biomarkers: the microtubule-associated light chain 3 protein (LC3) isoform II and the autophagic cargo protein p62/SQSTM1.