Additional neoepitopes derived from PTM of beta cell autoantigens have been described in humans and in animal models of type 1 diabetes, including antibody response to oxidised GAD [26] and T cell reactivity to GAD citrullination [7], C-peptide deamination [5] and hybrid fused peptides [2, 27]. This evidence concerns the gene GAD1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.