NFKB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Skeletal muscle in COPD shows cellular structural changes, including a reduction in type I fibres, fibre cross-sectional area and capillary contacts to muscle fibres [9], several metabolic changes and activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) [10], mitochondrial dysfunction [11] and enhanced autophagy [12].