As ∆E3 is modulated by pioglitazone 14—a highly selective PPARγ activator clinically used for type 2 diabetes but reportedly associated with increased risk of bladder cancer 29, it is possible that ∆E3 contributes, at least in part, to pharmacological actions of PPARγ and may thus have been inadvertently targeted for disease therapy. Here, PPARG is linked to urinary bladder cancer.