The phosphorylated fraction of Akt normalized to total Akt protein levels (p-Akt-to-total-Akt ratio) was significantly increased in COPD lung and was negatively correlated with the forced expiratory volume in 1-s percent predicted (%FEV1) (r = −0.41; P < 0.01; Fig. 1A), as we have previously reported (44). Here, AKT1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.