Additionally, poor regulation of hepcidin results in disease: c) chronically low hepcidin or defects in upstream signaling elements (such as HFE, TFR2, HJV genes) causes iron overload typical of hemochromatosis, and d) chronically high hepcidin (e.g. induced by inflammatory cytokines) causes anemia. Here, HAMP is linked to hemochromatosis type 1.