A variety of other gene mutations or differential expressions have been identified to be associated with HLHS, including cardiac transcription factors NKX2.5 (18), TBX5 (19), ETS1 (20), FOXC1/FOXC2 (21,22), cell adhesion molecule PECAM-1 (23) and cardiac gap junction protein GJA1 (24). This evidence concerns the gene GJA1 and hypoplastic left heart syndrome.