As shown in Figures 4f and g, ex vivo treatment with DS/Cu resulted in a sharp decrease in the protein level of p65 in both patient samples, whereas DS and/or Cu alone or in combination also increased phosphorytions of p-JNK (particularly p46 isoform) and p-c-jun (36 kDa, lower band), as well as downregulated Nrf2 in these samples in primary CD34+ AML cells. The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.