As shown in Figure 4e, downregulation of Nrf2 and phosphorylation of JNK induced by DS/Cu were markedly blocked by NAC in CD34+CD38− KG1α cells, suggesting that ROS might act upstream of the Nrf2 and JNK pathways in leukemia stem-like cells treated with DS/Cu. The gene discussed is CD34; the disease is leukemia.