NFKB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The most widely studied effect of betulin is its anti-inflammatory activity in various inflammatory model including COPD, alcoholic liver injury, mammary gland inflammatory injury and chronic dermal inflammation.23, 27, 28 It has been reported that betulin decreased proinflammatory cytokines via inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.29 Given this situation and the promising importance of the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation, we posed two specific questions: is there a functional link between the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of betulin?