RACK1 and prostate carcinoma: For example, RACK1 can promote tumorigenicity of non-small-cell lung cancer through hedgehog signaling,56 and the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of prostate cancer.57 In contrast, a lack of RACK1 could induce metastasis of gastric cancer through miRNA-mediated mechanisms.58 Although we found that ribosomal RACK1 depletion induces non-canonical autophagy, it is possible that RACK1 contributes to other steps in autophagic flux due to its interactions with diverse binding partners.