Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of microglial activation, for example, with minocycline (Biscaro et al. 2012), blocking IL1β signalling (Kitazawa et al. 2011), or inhibition of TNFα expression (Chavant et al. 2010), has been reported to reduce inflammation and improve cognitive performance in AD transgenic mice. Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.