Further searches of the same genomic resources revealed that high FGF-2 tumors are also characterized by lower numbers of mutations per megabase and gene copy number variations, as well as by high expression of immune checkpoint genes including CTLA-4, PDCD1 (PD-1) and CD274 (PD-L1).13–18 These data suggest that tumors with high FGF-2-expression also tend to exhibit immune checkpoint activation, which may contribute, along with EMT and enhanced proliferation, to the poor prognosis of FGF-2-expressing bladder carcinomas. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and urinary bladder carcinoma.