IARS1 and Insulin resistance: This aberrant phosphorylation of IRS results in reduced insulin receptor binding sensitivity and translocation of the active portion of IRS from the membrane to the cytosol, and is one of the main molecular underpinnings of insulin resistance (IR; Aguirre et al., 2002; Boura-Halfon and Zick, 2009; Copps and White, 2012; Ryu et al., 2014).