IRS1 and neurodegenerative disease: In plasma EVs enriched for neuronal origin, we measured total, pSer312- and p-PanY- (pan-Tyr phosphorylated) IRS-1 in a clinical cohort of AD patients and CN older control subjects (as well as patients with Frontotemporal Dementia, as a neurodegenerative disease control, and CN patients with diabetes, as a metabolic disease control).