Although loss of stromal CAV1 expression may be attributed to various mechanisms (activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumour suppression genes, activation of the TGF-β signalling pathway as it occurs in fibroblasts involved in wound healing), some recent studies demonstrated that cancer cells themselves accelerate the loss of CAV1 expression of stromal fibroblasts31–34. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.