This may be related to the increased amount of systemic inflammation observed within the same obesity range, as higher concentrations of complement C3, C-reactive protein, IFN, TNF-α, and IL-6, as well as lower levels of adiponectin, have been observed in the metabolic unhealthy group as compared to the metabolic healthy group30, 31. Here, C3 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.