GR, glyoxalase-I (Glx-I), glyoxalase-II (Glx-II), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione were upregulated to a lesser extent, ranging between 1.1-fold and 1.5-fold higher in gonad tissue of PAH-exposed individuals. Here, HPGDS is linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension.