CD38 and HIV infectious disease: In individuals with primary HIV infection and early presenters, baseline KTR was positively associated with proportion of CD8 + CD38 + HLA-DR+ T cells at baseline (ρ .867, p = 0.002 and ρ .544, p = 0.033, respectively), and in early presenters also at 6 months (ρ .670, p = 0.006, Table 3).