Indeed, inhibition of TGFβ before or immediately following MI led to further deterioration on cardiac function and increase mortality (Ikeuchi et al. 2004; Frantz et al. 2008), whereas its inhibition at 24 h post-MI attenuated remodelling with improved cardiac function in animal models of ischemic heart failure (Ikeuchi et al. 2004; Okada et al. 2005; Ellmers et al. 2008). Here, TGFB1 is linked to myocardial infarction.