The cytokines IL-6, epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78﻿(ENA-78), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were found to be secreted at higher levels from DCIS-CAF cocultures than from DCIS cultures (Fig. 7a) and at reduced levels when MEPs were added to the DCIS-CAF cocultures (Fig. 7a). This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and ductal breast carcinoma in situ.