GFAP and epilepsy: From 3 hours until 4 days after SE, a time window preceding the onset of epilepsy in this model, as shown by the lack of EEG and motor seizures in rats under continuous video-EEG recording (spontaneous seizures arise at 8.4 ± 1.8 days, see below), HMGB1 staining showed a progressive increase in GFAP-positive astrocytes (Figure 1A and Supplemental Figure 2).