In order to address this, we have measured total HMGB1 and its acetylated, reduced, and disulfide isoforms before epilepsy onset and during disease development in animal models of acquired epilepsy, correlating brain changes to those in blood, and have undertaken bridging studies in well-defined patients with drug-refractory epilepsy and in newly diagnosed patients. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and epilepsy.