MAPK8 and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4: In insects, it is well-known that transcription of AMPs, as well as other immune effectors, is mainly regulated by the intracellular signaling pathways Toll, Immune deficiency (Imd), JNK (Jun-N-terminal kinase), and Jak/Stat (Ferrandon et al., 2007; Souza-Neto et al., 2009; Kleino and Silverman, 2014).