IL4 and cancer: Binding of IL-4 or IL-13 to the Type II IL-4 receptor [IL-4Rα], which is found on non-lymphoid cells, initiates a signaling cascade that activates the JAK/STAT pathway (particularly STAT6) as well as MAPK and Akt cell-survival functions; one biochemical consequence of receptor activation is a context-dependent increase in the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins that can contribute to enhanced cell proliferation and resistance to cancer therapy [38, 39].