In summary, our studies (summarized in Figure 9) demonstrate that the TH2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 significantly enhance the transcription of NOX1, leading to the production of substantial amounts of O2· ̄ by human colon cancer cells, and that increased NOX1 expression depends on the activation and binding of GATA3 to the NOX1 promoter. Here, GATA3 is linked to colonic neoplasm.