Our results coincided with the previous observation that ATRA was able to correct the expression of ~10% of PML/RARα target genes in human NB4 cells.10 Notably, an IRF8-centered regulatory pathway that has been shown to repress AML malignancy through upregulating innate immunity program was identified in this repressed but ATRA/ATO-refractory gene pool.29 This evidence concerns the gene IRF8 and acute myeloid leukemia.